Sooner or later, every retirement plan will have to deal with participants
who have terminated employment but still have balances in the plan. In most
circumstances, the plan document provides guidance on how to proceed; however,
there are a number of factors that can make the determination a little more
complex than what it seems at first blush.
Why do we Care?
Before exploring the options for handling former participant balances, it is
helpful to understand several aspects of plan maintenance that may steer
employers in one direction or another.
Count the Cost
Many plan service providers set their fees in whole or in part based on plan
size. This may include total assets, the number of participants, average account
balance or some combination of these factors. Understanding how fee schedules
are structured is one factor in determining the most appropriate policy for
dealing with former plan participants. For example, if fees decrease as plan
assets increase, it might make sense to design the plan to minimize outflows to
terminated participants. On the other hand, if fees increase as average account
balances decrease and many former participants have below-average balances,
taking steps to expedite distributions may be the more appropriate course of
action.
Stand and be Counted
The number of participants is used to determine another critical threshold
for retirement plans--the plan audit threshold. Generally, plans with
100 or more participants on the first day of any plan year are required to engage an
independent qualified public accountant to audit the plan's financial statements
and attach the audit report to Form 5500. Former participants with remaining
balances are counted for purposes of the 100-participant threshold.
Since it is not uncommon for the cost of a plan audit to reach five figures,
plan sponsors often seek to delay being subject to the requirement as long as
possible. One way to do this is, to the extent possible, to design the plan so
that former participants can/must have their balances distributed to them as
soon as possible following termination of employment.
Tell the Participants
Anyone who works with retirement plans on a semi-regular basis is quite aware
of the seemingly endless number of disclosures that must be provided to
participants each year, including the Summary Plan Description, Summary Annual
Report and many others. A number of these disclosures include information
describing the rights of anyone with a balance in the plan, so they must be
provided to former employees as well.
While the IRS and Department of Labor (DOL) both allow certain documents to
be provided via electronic means such as e-mail, the requirements for doing so
can be daunting with respect to former employees who no longer access a company
e-mail account as part of their jobs. Plan options that allow for immediate
distributions can minimize the burden of providing many of these disclosures to
former employees.
Tell the IRS
Participant disclosures are not the only concern. Plans that include former
employees with remaining balances are required to file a form with the IRS each
year. Prior to 2009, this information was required to be attached to Form 5500;
however, after a temporary suspension of this reporting requirement, it is now
satisfied by filing Form 8955-SSA directly with the IRS each year.
The form lists the name, social security number and vested account balance
for terminated employees. The IRS shares this information with the Social
Security Administration so that it can notify recipients of social security
benefits that they may be entitled to additional benefits from a former
employer's retirement plan. As a result, plans must not only report participants
when they terminate, they must also monitor prior years' forms and "un-report" terminees once they receive distributions.
What are the Options?
Plan sponsors have a fair degree of flexibility in designing their plans to
deal with former participants with balances; however, once the design is
determined, sponsors must consistently follow the provisions they put in place.
Small Balances
IRS and DOL rules allow plans to force distributions to former participants
with vested account balances of less than $5,000 after providing them with at
least 30 days advance notice of their right to request a cash distribution or a
rollover to an IRA or a new employer's plan.
Due to concern that automatically cashing out former employees could cause
them to prematurely spend amounts they had set aside for retirement, the rules
require employers to establish rollover IRAs on behalf of former participants
with balances between $1,000 and $5,000 who do not respond to the advance
notice. Those with less than $1,000 can be cashed out with the appropriate taxes
withheld. These rules leave sponsors with several plan design options.
- Force out all vested balances below $5,000 with those from $1,000 to $5,000
going to IRAs and those below $1,000 being paid in cash;
- Force out all vested balances below $5,000 with all of them going to IRAs;
- Force out all balances below $1,000 with all of them being paid in cash; or
- Eliminate forced distributions altogether.
When the rules for automatic IRA rollovers were first effective in 2005, very
few providers were set up to accept them, causing many employers to elect option
3 or 4, above. However, the marketplace has adapted, and many providers are now
able to accommodate automatic rollovers. Therefore, plan sponsors are able to
elect options 1 or 2, above, without taking on substantial administrative
burden.
The timing of forced distributions is a critical element to consider. Not
only do plan documents specify the threshold, e.g. $5,000, but they also specify
the timeframe in which distributions are processed. For example, many plans
provide that participants are eligible to take distributions as soon as possible
following termination of employment.
Combining this provision with the forced distribution provision may require
that former employees with balances below the threshold be provided the
applicable notices very soon after termination with the forced distributions
being processed 30 to 60 days later. Since some recordkeepers are only set up to
process these "sweeps" quarterly, semi-annually or annually, sponsors should
coordinate their plan provisions to avoid inadvertently delaying forced
distributions in violation of plan terms.
Larger Balances
Terminated employees with vested balances exceeding $5,000 generally cannot
be forced out of a plan; however, plan sponsors can provide them with the
applicable notices and forms to communicate distribution options. There is one
important exception to this general rule. Any portion of a participant's account
that was rolled into the plan from an IRA or an unrelated employer's plan can be
disregarded for purposes of the $5,000 forced distribution limit. Consider this
example.
Joe Participant has terminated employment and has a total vested account
balance of $14,000 as follows:
| Elective Deferrals |
$3,000 |
| Employer Match |
1,500 |
| Rollover |
9,500 |
| Total |
$14,000 |
If the $9,500 rollover balance is disregarded, Joe's vested balance is only
$4,500; therefore, if the plan document is written to require forced
distribution to former employees with balances below $5,000, Joe's entire
account balance can be processed under those rules.
Fees
IRS and DOL guidance allows plans to charge certain fees to participant
accounts. This includes not only ongoing plan management expenses but also
distribution fees. However, the plan document must include language authorizing
the charges and the method of allocating the expenses must be disclosed to
participants, usually in the Summary Plan Description. For example, the plan may
provide that general management expenses are allocated proportionately based on
account balance while distribution fees are charged directly to the accounts of
the participants requesting the distributions.
Residual Distributions
From time-to-time, a former employee takes a full distribution of his or her
account before all contributions or investment gains are allocated. This may
occur, for instance, in a safe harbor 401(k) plan for which the employer
allocates a 3% nonelective contribution at the end of the plan year. Since these
contributions cannot be subject to a last day of employment rule, any
participant eligible at any point during the year is entitled to the
contribution even if he or she terminated employment earlier in the year.
So, what happens to the residual account balance generated by the
contribution? The answer depends somewhat on timing. As described above,
terminated participants must be provided with a distribution notice at least 30
days in advance of a distribution. The notice is considered "stale" after 180
days. Therefore, if the residual contribution is credited to the participant's
account fewer than 180 days after the date the notice was provided, the plan can
issue a distribution of the residual using the same method as the initial
payment, e.g. cash distribution, rollover to IRA, etc.
If it has been more than 180 days, the account is subject to the distribution
rules in the same manner as if there had been no previous distribution paid. In
many such situations, the residual balance will be below the forced distribution
threshold and can be processed as such.
What about Plan Terminations?
When an employer elects to terminate its plan, all participants are entitled
to take distributions regardless of their employment status. Generally speaking,
the distributions are processed according to the rules outlined above. But, what
happens when participants with more than $5,000 do not make a distribution
election? What happens if notices to former employees are returned due to
invalid addresses?
Fortunately, the DOL has provided guidance on how to handle these situations.
If plan sponsors follow a four-step program but are still unable to obtain an
election from participants, the accounts in question can be rolled over using
the automatic rollover rules regardless of balance. The four steps are as
follows:
- Use certified mail for the initial distribution notice;
- Check other plan records as well as those for other company benefit programs;
- Check with a designated plan beneficiary; and
- Use one of the governmental letter-forwarding services.
A fifth step that may be employed is to hire a locator service specializing
in finding missing account holders. The expenses for all of these steps can be
allocated to the accounts of the missing participants.
Conclusion
There are many options available to employers to address the account balances
of former employees, and there is no "one size fits all" solution. As with most
plan-related decisions, the appropriate solution depends on an employer's
specific facts and circumstances as well as the capabilities of the various
service providers involved.
Although there is flexibility in how the plan is designed to accommodate
these situations, the actual plan operation must adhere to the provisions
written in the plan documents. Sponsors should work with knowledgeable providers
who can coordinate the efforts of all parties involved to develop a practical
and workable solution.
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